In South Africa, the obligation to register deceased estates for income tax purposes involves distinct responsibilities both before and after the death of an individual. This process is governed by the Income Tax Act and has undergone significant changes, particularly for deaths occurring on or after March 1, 2016.

PRE-DEATH OBLIGATIONS

Before death, the deceased individual is responsible for their own tax compliance. This includes:

• Filing Tax Returns: The deceased must have submitted all required income tax returns up to the date of death. This includes any outstanding returns for prior years.
• Executor’s Responsibilities: The executor of the estate must ensure that all tax obligations of the deceased are met, including gathering necessary documentation and submitting any outstanding returns to the South African Revenue Service (SARS) 

POST-DEATH OBLIGATIONS

After an individual’s death, different rules apply depending on when the death occurred:

For Deaths Before March 1, 2016

• Tax Responsibility: The executor was primarily responsible for filing tax returns related to income earned up to the date of death. Any income generated after death was considered taxable in the hands of the beneficiaries, who were required to report it on their personal tax returns.

For Deaths on or After March 1, 2016

• Creation of a Deceased Estate Entity: A new taxpayer entity known as a “Deceased Estate” is created. This entity is treated as a natural person for tax purposes and must be registered with SARS. The executor must register the estate as soon as there is post-death income.
• Tax Registration Process: The executor must ensure that the deceased’s tax reference number is coded as a Deceased Estate before registering it as a new taxpayer. This can be done at a SARS branch or via eFiling. The estate will receive its own tax number linked to that of the deceased.
• Income Tax Returns: The executor is responsible for filing annual income tax returns for the Deceased Estate, reporting all income generated after death (e.g., rental income, interest). The estate is not classified as a provisional taxpayer and does not qualify for personal rebates but may benefit from certain exemptions like interest exemption up to R23,800.
• Capital Gains Tax (CGT): Any capital gains realized from assets sold after death are included in the estate’s taxable income. The executor must account for CGT within the same return that reports other taxable income 

Important Documentation Required

To register a deceased estate, executors need to provide several documents:

• Death certificate
• Letter of executorship
• Certified copy of the executor’s ID
• Proof of address and contact details of the executor
• Liquidation and distribution account 

The Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955 

This Act imposes a tax on the estates of deceased persons in South Africa, targeting both the worldwide property of residents and South African property of non-residents. The Act establishes that the estate consists of all property owned by the deceased at the time of death, which includes various rights and interests in both movable and immovable assets. A significant feature of the Act is the provision for deductions, particularly under Section 4, which allows for an abatement of R3.5 million against the net value of the estate before calculating the dutiable amount. Estate duty is levied at a rate of 20% on the first R30 million of the dutiable estate and 25% on any amount exceeding R30 million. Executors are responsible for calculating and submitting the Estate Duty Return to SARS within one year of death or within 30 days from the date of assessment if issued within that year. 

Conclusion

The registration and taxation obligations surrounding deceased estates in South Africa are crucial for ensuring compliance with SARS regulations. Executors play a vital role in managing these responsibilities, particularly in distinguishing between pre-death and post-death income tax obligations. Understanding these requirements helps prevent potential legal issues and financial penalties associated with non-compliance.